3.) What's the diference between Batch System, Multiprogrammed system and Time-sharing system?
---A batch system is one in which jobs are bundled together with the instructions necessary to allow them to be processed without intervention
---As machines with more and more memory became available, it was possible to extend the idea of multiprogramming (or multiprocessing) as used in spooling batch systems to create systems that would load several jobs into memory at once and cycle through them in some order, working on each one for a specified period of time
---The first involved timesharing or timeslicing. The idea of multiprogramming was extended to allow for multiple terminals to be connected to the computer, with each in-use terminal being associated with one or more jobs on the computer. The operating system is responsible for switching between the jobs, now often called processes, in such a way that favored user interaction. If the context-switches occurred quickly enough, the user had the impression that he or she had direct access to the computer.
4.) Advantages of Parallel systems.
-->Parallel processing is much faster than sequential processing when it comes to doing repetitive calculations on vast amounts of data. This is because a parallel processor is capable of multithreading on a large scale, and can therefore simultaneously process several streams of data. This makes parallel processors suitable for graphics cards since the calculations required for generating the millions of pixels per second are all repetitive. GPUs can have over 200 cores to help them in this.The CPU of a normal computer is a sequential processor - it's good in processing data one step at a time. This is needed in cases where the calculation the processor is performing depends on the result of the previous calculation and so on; in parallel processing these kinds of calculations will slow it down, which is why CPUs are generally optimised for sequential operations and have only 1-8 cores.In summary, the one advantage of parallel processing is that it is much faster (about 200 times faster in the best cases) for simple, repetitive calculations on vast amounts of similar data.
-->Parallel processing is much faster than sequential processing when it comes to doing repetitive calculations on vast amounts of data. This is because a parallel processor is capable of multithreading on a large scale, and can therefore simultaneously process several streams of data. This makes parallel processors suitable for graphics cards since the calculations required for generating the millions of pixels per second are all repetitive. GPUs can have over 200 cores to help them in this.The CPU of a normal computer is a sequential processor - it's good in processing data one step at a time. This is needed in cases where the calculation the processor is performing depends on the result of the previous calculation and so on; in parallel processing these kinds of calculations will slow it down, which is why CPUs are generally optimised for sequential operations and have only 1-8 cores.In summary, the one advantage of parallel processing is that it is much faster (about 200 times faster in the best cases) for simple, repetitive calculations on vast amounts of similar data.
5.) Differentiate Symmetric multiprocessing and Assymetric Multiprocessing.
--->>In computing, symmetric multiprocessing or SMP involves a multiprocessor computer-architecture where two or more identical processors can connect to a single shared main memory. Most common multiprocessor systems today use an SMP architecture. In the case of multi-core processors, the SMP architecture applies to the cores, treating them as separate processors. SMP systems allow any processor to work on any task no matter where the data for that task are located in memory; with proper operating system support, SMP systems can easily move tasks between processors to balance the workload efficiently.While
Asymmetric multiprocessing or ASMP is a type of multiprocessing supported in DEC's VMS V.3 as well as a number of older systems including TOPS-10 and OS-360. It varies greatly from the standard processing model that we see in personal computers today. Due to the complexity and unique nature of this architecture, it was not adopted by many vendors or programmers during its brief stint between 1970 - 1980.
---->>Where as a symmetric multiprocessor or SMP treats all of the processing elements in the system identically, an ASMP system assigns certain tasks only to certain processors. In particular, only one processor may be responsible for fielding all of the interrupts in the system or perhaps even performing all of the I/O in the system. This makes the design of the I/O system much simpler, although it tends to limit the ultimate performance of the system. Graphics cards, physics cards and cryptographic accelerators which are subordinate to a CPU in modern computers can be considered a form of asymmetric multiprocessing.[citation needed] SMP is extremely common in the modern computing world, when people refer to "multi core" or "multi processing" they are most commonly referring to SMP
--->>In computing, symmetric multiprocessing or SMP involves a multiprocessor computer-architecture where two or more identical processors can connect to a single shared main memory. Most common multiprocessor systems today use an SMP architecture. In the case of multi-core processors, the SMP architecture applies to the cores, treating them as separate processors. SMP systems allow any processor to work on any task no matter where the data for that task are located in memory; with proper operating system support, SMP systems can easily move tasks between processors to balance the workload efficiently.While
Asymmetric multiprocessing or ASMP is a type of multiprocessing supported in DEC's VMS V.3 as well as a number of older systems including TOPS-10 and OS-360. It varies greatly from the standard processing model that we see in personal computers today. Due to the complexity and unique nature of this architecture, it was not adopted by many vendors or programmers during its brief stint between 1970 - 1980.
---->>Where as a symmetric multiprocessor or SMP treats all of the processing elements in the system identically, an ASMP system assigns certain tasks only to certain processors. In particular, only one processor may be responsible for fielding all of the interrupts in the system or perhaps even performing all of the I/O in the system. This makes the design of the I/O system much simpler, although it tends to limit the ultimate performance of the system. Graphics cards, physics cards and cryptographic accelerators which are subordinate to a CPU in modern computers can be considered a form of asymmetric multiprocessing.[citation needed] SMP is extremely common in the modern computing world, when people refer to "multi core" or "multi processing" they are most commonly referring to SMP
6.) Differentiate client-server systems and peer-to-peer systems.
---Client-server computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or work loads between service providers (servers) and service requesters, called clients.[1] Often clients and servers operate over a computer network on separate hardware. A server is a high-performance host that is a registering unit and shares its resources with clients. A client does not share any of its resources, but requests a server's content or service function. Clients therefore initiate communication sessions with servers which await (listen to) incoming requests.
---Peer-to-p eer (P2P) networking is a method of delivering computer network services in which the participants share a portion of their own resources, such as processing power, disk storage, network bandwidth, printing facilities. Such resources are provided directly to other participants without intermediary network hosts or servers.[1] Peer-to-peer network participants are providers and consumers of network services simultaneously, which contrasts with other service models, such as traditional client-server computing.
---Client-server computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or work loads between service providers (servers) and service requesters, called clients.[1] Often clients and servers operate over a computer network on separate hardware. A server is a high-performance host that is a registering unit and shares its resources with clients. A client does not share any of its resources, but requests a server's content or service function. Clients therefore initiate communication sessions with servers which await (listen to) incoming requests.
---Peer-to-p eer (P2P) networking is a method of delivering computer network services in which the participants share a portion of their own resources, such as processing power, disk storage, network bandwidth, printing facilities. Such resources are provided directly to other participants without intermediary network hosts or servers.[1] Peer-to-peer network participants are providers and consumers of network services simultaneously, which contrasts with other service models, such as traditional client-server computing.
7.) Differentiate the design issues of OS between a stand-alone PC and a Workstation connected to a network.
-->>A stand-alone PC works on its own. While in a workstation connected to a network, you can freely share your files and databases to other PC.A desktop or laptop computer that is used on its own without requiring a connection to a local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN). Although it may be connected to a network, it is still a stand-alone PC as long as the network connection is not mandatory for its general use.In offices throughout the 1990s, millions of stand-alone PCs were hooked up to the local network for file sharing and mainframe access. Today, computers are commonly networked in the home so that family members can share an Internet connection as well as printers, scanners and other peripherals. When the computer is running local applications without Internet access, the machine is technically a stand-alone PC. A workstation is a high-end microcomputer designed for technical or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems. The term workstation has also been used to refer to a mainframe computer terminal or a PC connected to a network.
8.) Define the essential properties of the ff. types of OS:
---Batch- Jobs with similar needs are batched together and run through the computer as a group, by an operator or automatic job sequencer. Performance is increased by attempting to keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times through buffering, off-line operation, spooling, and multiprogramming.
---Time-Sharing- The first involved timesharing or timeslicing. The idea of multiprogramming was extended to allow for multiple terminals to be connected to the computer, with each in-use terminal being associated with one or more jobs on the computer. The operating system is responsible for switching between the jobs, now often called processes, in such a way that favored user interaction. If the context-switches occurred quickly enough, the user had the impression that he or she had direct access to the computer.
---Real-time-A real-time computer is one that execute programs that are guaranteed to have an upper bound on tasks that they carry out. Usually it is desired that the upper bound be very small. Examples included guided missile systems and medical monitoring equipment. The operating system on real-time computers is severely constrained by the timing requirements.
---Network- networked systems consist of multiple computers that are networked together, usually with a common operating system and shared resources. Users, however, are aware of the different computers that make up the system.
---Distributed- also consist of multiple computers but differ from networked systems in that the multiple computers are transparent to the user. Often there are redundant resources and a sharing of the workload among the different computers, but this is all transparent to the user.
---Handheld- designed to provide an environm,ent in which a user easily interface with the computer to execute programs.
2.)Explain the goals of OS
--->>Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.
--->>make the computer system convenient to use.
--->>Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier.
--->>make the computer system convenient to use.
